Tempering chocolate is an essential step for making smooth, glossy, evenly colored, and snappy chocolate. It’s a skill that’s invaluable if you want to do any sort of candy making. Even the simplest chocolate recipes, like truffles, brownies, or chocolate bark can be improved by using tempered chocolate.
I have been making my own raw chocolate ever since I can remember. There’s nothing easier than mixing together some raw cacao powder, coconut oil, and maple syrup, letting it set in the fridge for a few minutes and voila – you’ve got raw chocolate in no time. I never quite understood why my chocolate always melted as soon as I took it out of the fridge, but I didn’t care. It was delicious nevertheless.
It wasn’t until I enrolled in a course called “Introduction to Chocolate Making” that I heard about tempering chocolate. As soon as I learned the basic rules of chocolate tempering, I wanted to try it out. It sounded easy enough and I had all the ingredients in my pantry.
Well, I soon realized how tricky tempering chocolate was. My first attempt at raw chocolate making resulted in chocolate seized up into a stiff, grainy, dull mess. Alright. I had been warned that seizing can happen if even a tiny bit of moisture comes into contact with the chocolate. So the second time I tempered chocolate, I made sure there was absolutely no water in the near proximity. Well, I succeeded at not seizing the chocolate, but this time the chocolate bloomed (aka the cacao butter separated and created a whitish coating on the surface of the chocolate).
This was my first humbling foray into the world of tempering chocolate. Since then, I failed at chocolate-making more than I can count on the fingers of one hand. So here are my tips for properly tempering chocolate so you don’t have to fail as many times as I did.
How to Temper Chocolate
Tempering Methods
There are several ways to temper chocolate. However, there are only two basic principles (methods) everything just builds upon.
The first (classic) method is all about manipulating tempering temperatures. The second (seeding) method requires a piece of already tempered chocolate, which induces the un-tempered chocolate into forming strong, stable (Form V) crystals. While the classic method is less foolproof than the seeding method, it allows you to control all the ingredients that go into the chocolate.
Tempering Temperatures
Melting
In simple terms, tempering chocolate means re-establishing cacao butter crystals. Cacao butter is essentially a solid mass, which turns into liquid when you melt it. Depending on the temperature you heat the cacao butter to (in order to melt it), the cacao butter can form six types of crystals. Unfortunately, only beta prime crystals (Form V) are the ones that produce a chocolate with the best sheen, snap, and taste to it.
Crystal Melting Temperature
- I – 63°F (17°C) –> soft, crumbly, melts too easily.
- II -70°F (21°C) –> soft, crumbly, melts too easily.
- III – 78°F (26°C) –> firm, poor snap, melts too easily.
- IV – 82°F (28°C) –> firm, good snap, melts too easily.
- V – 94°F (34°C) –> glossy, firm, best snap, melts near body temperature.
- VI – 97°F (36°C) –> hard, takes weeks to form.
The first step in tempering chocolate is heating the chocolate to 115°F (46°C) to melt all six forms of crystals. To keep the chocolate truly raw, don’t heat it over 108°F (42°C).
Cooling
The second step in tempering chocolate involves cooling the chocolate down to about 81°F (27°C). This promotes rapid formation of both Form V and Form IV crystals. At this temperature, the chocolate is agitated to create many small crystal “seeds” which will serve as the nuclei to create small crystals in the chocolate.
Heating
When both Form V and Form IV crystals are formed, raise the temperature back up to 88°F (31°C), leaving just the Form V crystals and causing the Form IV crystals to melt. After this point, any excessive heating of the chocolate will destroy the temper and you’ll have to repeat the entire tempering process: melting-cooling-heating.
Tips for Tempering Chocolate
Avoid any type of moisture – chocolate hates water. Even a single drop of water can ruin (seize up) chocolate. The reason is that melted chocolate contains almost no water. So when a small amount of water is introduced, a few things happen:
- The sugar in the chocolate grabs hold of the water and creates a syrup.
- The syrup is quite sticky and acts like a glue on the cacao solids, causing them to clump together. The result is that the chocolate stops flowing and turns into a clumpy grainy paste.
Here are some ways you can accidentally impart moisture to your chocolate:
- Double-broiler – boiling water from a double-broiler can easily splash above the rim of the saucepan and cause droplets to fall into the chocolate. Boiling water also gives off a great deal of steam, and steam can also cause chocolate to seize. Finally, if you’re using a double-broiler don’t forget to always completely wipe the bottom of the bowl with the chocolate
- Wooden tools – all wooden tools, including wooden spoons, wooden bowls, cutting boards, etc. retain moisture and can impart it into your chocolate. Therefore, many confectioners and chocolatiers prefer rubber or silicone utensils, metal bowls, and marble surfaces.
- Coverings – never ever cover warm chocolate with a lid because the heat from the chocolate can form a condensation on the inside of the bowl.
Stay within the right temperature range:
- Overheating – chocolate is extremely sensitive to rapid temperature changes. Overheating separates the cacao solids from the cacao butter. So when you heat chocolate above 130°F (54°C), the dry ingredients “burn” (seize up). To prevent overheating, melt chocolate slowly at low temperatures rather than over high or direct heat.
- Overcooling – when you let your chocolate drop below 81°F (27°C), it forms too many Form III or lower crystals and the chocolate won’t harden properly.
Don’t “shock” the chocolate – once chocolate is melted, it doesn’t like to be “shocked” by anything very cold. Using a cold, metal spoon to stir, adding very cold flavorings, even a too cold bowl will make the chocolate grainy, and turn instantly into a hard, solid lump. All your ingredients and tools should be at a room temperature.
Test the temper – an easy method of checking if the raw chocolate is in temper, is to apply a small quantity of chocolate to a piece of paper or to the point of a knife. If the chocolate has been correctly tempered it will harden evenly and show a good gloss within five minutes.
Tips for Recovering Chocolate
Blooming – there are two types of bloom – sugar bloom and fat bloom. Each has different causes.
- Sugar bloom – when sugar bloom occurs, you’ll see grains of sugar on the surface of the chocolate. This happens when the sugar crystals are exposed to moisture when stored, either from humidity in the air or condensation from refrigeration. Moisture causes sugar to dissolve and come to the surface.
- Fat bloom – when fat bloom occurs, you’ll see whitish or gray color on the chocolate. Fat bloom is simply the cocoa butter separating from the cocoa solids and coming to the surface. This usually happens when the structure of the fat crystals changes due to a too-warm or too-cold storage.
The best practice is to store chocolate between 55°F-70°F (13°C – 21°C), ideally with less than 50% humidity. Remember, dampness & condensation results in “sugar bloom” and excessive heat or cold results in “fat bloom.”
Seizing – if your chocolate mass seizes, aka becomes grainy, dull, and thick, you might still be able to recover it, depending on what brought about the chocolate seize:
- Water – if it was water that brought about the chocolate seize, simply add more water (or any other liquid) to allow the molten chocolate to flow again. You won’t be able to use the recovered chocolate for dipping anymore, but you’ll be able to use it as a chocolate sauce or ganache.
- Heat – If the chocolate seizes passed its recoverable state, you can still use it for cooking or as a candy filling.
Ingredients
For the simplest chocolate, you only need three ingredients – cacao powder, cacao butter, and a sweetener. The first two ingredients are pretty straightforward. It’s the sweetener where things get a bit more complicated.
If I can give you one piece of advice, don’t use liquid sweeteners when making tempered chocolate. This includes maple syrup, agave, yacon syrup, brown rice syrup, honey, etc. When making tempered chocolate. The reason is that oil and water don’t mix. When you add liquid sweetener to cacao butter, it causes the cacao butter to seize. You can use small amount of liquids, such as flavor extracts, but no more than ½ tsp per 450 g batch of chocolate.
So what sweeteners can you use? Anything that can be powdered. Coconut sugar is my favorite, but you could also use raw cane sugar or any other granulated sweetener. I usually use my Vitamix (or a coffee grinder) to powder the granulated sugar, which is very important. Sugar doesn’t dissolve in fat so if you use granulated sugar (as opposed to powdered sugar), it will be very apparent in the finished product.
Tools You’ll Need
Chocolate requires precise temperature control so a thermometer is a must. I use an instant read digital thermometer with a probe, but you can also invest in a laser thermometer. Look for a thermometer with a range of at least 60°F – 130°F (15°C – 55°C). After you get familiar with tempering, you might not even need a thermometer. But if you’re a beginner, I would definitely recommend using one.
For manipulating temperatures, you can use a stove top, a microwave, hot baths/ice baths, sous de vide circulator … Basically, anything that works for you. Some people even use a hair dryer or a heating pad!
1. Blender (Vitamix 5200) | 2. Cookware Set (Calphalon, Stainless Steel | 3. Knife Set (6 Pieces, Utopia, Stainless Steel) | 4. Cutting Board (24″x 18″, Michigan Maple Block, Maple) | 5. Scale (Elekcity, Stainless Steel) | 6. Mixing Bowls (Set of 3, Pyrex, Glass | 7. Thermometer (Elekcity, Laser Infrared)
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Hi, i found your blog incredibly usefull but i have one question; you said even the slightest amount of water will seize your chcolate, then how can you use a liquid flavoring, wont that also cause it to seize? Or do mean an oil flavoring like essential orange oil or peppermint oil?
Hi Sabira – a great question. I should add this info in the actual post 🙂 So yes, NEVER add water-based flavorings to chocolate. Only use a flavoring specially formulated for chocolate (called “chocolate flavorings”). Because these flavorings don’t contain any water, they are quite potent so use them more sparingly then their alcohol-based counterparts. Also, chocolate is very sensitive to temperatures. So when adding flavorings to melted chocolate, make sure the flavoring oil is close to the same temperature as the chocolate. Chocolate hardens when it drops in temperature to mid 70° F, so, if you add a flavoring oil that is room temperature (around 68° F) to melted chocolate (ranging from 88° F– 115° F), you will SHOCK the chocolate and it will SEIZE (get lumpy, get gritty or thicken up and get pasty) and be ruined. Hope this helps 🙂 Let me know if you have any other questions, Sabira.
Hi, great blog,!
Thank you for the great post! I would like to try making chocolate for the first time, could I ask you to please post the recipe, so I can give it a try? Thank you in advance
Hi Ana! For sure – the recipe is actually on my blog already. It’s called Raw Chocolate Bark – Tempered. Here is the link. Let me know if you have any hard time finding the recipe 🙂
Hi Petra, i just discorvered your youtube channel and your blog. I just love your videos, your recipes, your so sweet 🙂 Thank your for the sharing! And you husband’s interventions are so great, he seems to be so sincere.
I’m french so i hope you will understand my english… 🙂
Have a nice day and thank you for your incredible recipes (i want to try the raw carrot cake as soon as possible!)
Luna
Aw, thank you so much Luna! You’re so kind and encouraging. I am so glad you found my channel and are enjoying the videos. Your English is very good, BTW 😉 Thank you for stopping by and leaving such a lovely comment!
Thank you… You welcome us a chef…
hi petra, i have question. i live in indonesia which is very hot and i check it with my temperature that shows the condition of room temperature in here is about 32 celcius already, so when i try to cool down after i melt the chocolate to to 46 C, its impossible to make it to 27 C, so i tried to use cool water in a bowl and i put it on the bottom of my chocolate that has been melted until it reach 27C , and i heat it again to 31 C, then i put it in my room with air conditioning with temperature of 25C, the next day when i woke up the fat bloom appear and the chocolate is not firm. not sure whats wrong with it, could be the quality of cacao?
i use palm sugar and i use blender to make it soft, and i use 100 cacao powdered brand java.
Hi Riyan – I think I already responded to your question in the YouTube comments section, but just in case I will respond here as well 🙂
When fat bloom occurs, you’ll see whitish or gray color on the chocolate. Fat bloom is simply the cocoa butter separating from the cocoa solids and coming to the surface. This usually happens when the structure of the fat crystals changes due to a too-warm or too-cold storage. The best practice is to store chocolate between 55°F-70°F (13°C – 21°C), ideally with less than 50% humidity. Dampness & condensation results in “sugar bloom” and excessive heat or cold results in “fat bloom.” So the goal is to avoid both.
I do have to admit that making chocolate in too warm of an environment is really tricky. Ideally, you environment wouldn’t be above 21°C, which I understand is probably impossible in Indonesia. You can definitely use an air conditioner but again, you don’t want the temperature of your room fluctuate too much when making chocolate. It should be fairly stable so the sugar crystals don’t get compromised.
Hi petra, i live in indonesia, so pretty much room temperature here is about 33 already, so its impossible to cool down the chocolate to 27 C, i tried to use cool water and put in on the bottom of melting chocloate( after i melt it to 46C) then when it reach 27C i heat it to 33C, then i put it in my room and i use air conditioning temperature of 25C, next day when i woke up it shows fat blooming. i did bit of research on it, not sure whether the quality of the cacao? or maybe i need to put it on the refrigerator right away and seal it amke sure air condense doesnt touch the chocolate, or maybe because the quality of the palm sugar i use because i blender it. also my chocolate does not firm. can you tell me whats wrong with it? thank you
Just to answer some of your other questions – if your chocolate isn’t firm at about 21C, it wasn’t tempered properly and you will have to start the whole tempering processing from the beginning. It’s completely normal and happens often when you’re just learning about chocolate tempering. So no worries (it happened to me more often than I can count). The quality of palm sugar shouldn’t be an issue. As long as it’s completely powdered, it shouldn’t matter. As I already mentioned, you want your room temperature to be as stable as possible when making chocolate. So if you could set your air-conditioned to 25 degrees and make your chocolate in that room, that would be ideal. You can always put the chocolate in the fridge to set (so you don’t have to run your air-conditioner for days, lol). Hope this makes sense. Please, let me know if you have any other questions and I’ll do my best to help 🙂
Hi Petra, thank you so much for this great and useful blog post!
I tried this out today, and unfortunately my chocolate was not crunchy. I add 25% of cashewmus to the chocolate mass, probably this is the reason for the soft result. Do you have any advise how I can get the chocolate crunchy?
Thank you a lot,
Christina
Hi Christina – thank you for reaching out. Did you mean cashew nuts? Ground cashew nuts? Were you making dark chocolate or white chocolate? I am asking because I have a recipe for tempered white chocolate in the free cookbook I offer on my website so I am not sure which one you made. If you could clarify these two things, it would be really helpful 🙂
Hi Petra,
Sorry for my bad explanation I created the raw recipe by myself it was a dark one with cacao butter, cacao powder, cashew nut sauce and coconut nectar.
Thanks for these tips! I have a question in regards to the taste of the chocolate, what could I add to make the chocolate less dark, dairy and non dairy options if you could recommend anything?
Hi Saira – I tend to use coconut milk powder when making “milk” chocolate. The ratio of ingredients isn’t the only thing that is different in milk chocolate (compared to dark chocolate). The tempering temperatures are different as well. I am sorry, I don’t have a recipe for milk chocolate on my website yet, but I am working on it!
This is a great guide! You mention different temperatures for the milk chocolate tempering. What are these temperatures? Also do you find the coconut oil in the milk makes the temper difficult? Given that coconut oil is an inhibitor for cacao butter crystals formation. Thanks for the great guide!
Hi Lizzy – milk chocolate should be first heated to 105–113°F (40–45°C) and then cooled down to 84–86° F (29–30°C), and then heated back up to 90°F (32°C). I am not sure I understand what you mean by “coconut oil in the milk”. I use cacao butter (not coconut oil) for tempered chocolate 🙂 Let me know if you have any questions.
Hi,
Can you advise me? I have just made my second batch of bean-to-bar dark chocolate…and like the first it has come out with whitish marbled whirls. I am surprised because when I used to make regular couverture chocolate, the end result was great all round.
I also conched for 73 hours this time; first time 46. This batch was even grainy compared to the first and the sugar added an hour after conching this time.
Can you advise what I can do?
Thank you!
Hi Julie – what do you use for conching? I might be able to help more when I know what equipment you’re using. For the marbled whirls, it sounds like fat bloom. You might already know this, but just in case … when fat bloom occurs, you’ll see whitish or gray color on the chocolate. Fat bloom is simply the cocoa butter separating from the cocoa solids and coming to the surface. This usually happens when the structure of the fat crystals changes due to a too-warm or too-cold storage. You should always store your chocolate in a cool, dry place. When chocolate is kept at a consistent temperature below 70°F (ideally between 65 and 68°F), and at a humidity of less than 55%, the emulsion of cocoa solids and cocoa butter will stay stable for months. Hope this helps a little 🙂
I make my chocolate from cacao powder & cacao butter by first melting the butter in the microwave then adding the powder & sweetener then pouring into cupcake baking papers then store in the fridge. Could I just use this chocolate after it cools to temper using a Sous vide?
Hi Steve – I have never tried sous vide tempering but I don’t see why it wouldn’t work. Are you using powdered sweetener? I find that critical for making tempered chocolate …
Hi Steve,
Chocolatier here. Using a sous vide to temper can work. Have a look into making cacao butter silk with your sous vide, we’ve done that in the past and it’s incredible to work with. Essentially you’re forming a block of beta 5 crystals (the ones you want) which you can then use to temper any chocolate through the seeding method. It’s a much stronger seed too. Here’s a link for instructions https://youtu.be/3w40FbyhfTc
Hi Petra, thank you for this beautiful blog! I came across different temperatures on the internet for melting the butter, like 42 and 43 degrees Celsius. Do I understand it correctly that 42 degrees is also OK as long as you don’t exceed 46 degrees? Is there also some sort of range for cooling down the chocolate and heating it up again (27 degrees and 31 degrees)? Or can you also cool down the chocolate to 26 degrees and heat it up to 32 degrees?
Thank you so much in advance!
Hi Christine – that’s correct. Anywhere between 42 to 46 degrees C is fine. As far as cooling the chocolate down go, you don’t want to go below 27 C. I actually usually go down to 29 C because anything below 27 C will throw the chocolate out of temper. Finally, heating the chocolate up again – you don’t want to go above 32 C. If you exceed 32 C, you will need to re-temper the chocolate. Let me know if you have any more questions 🙂
Hi Petra, thank you very much for your answer! I made your chocolate recipe today (only without nuts and I put in a mold). It turned out quite shiny and snappy but if I looked closely I saw some streaks on the back of the chocolate. They were not white though. It looked like fork streaks. Even they ste not white, are those fat blooms too? In addition, when i added the very fine powdered sugar and cacao (both sifted) the chocolate looked very creamy and smooth but I did see some grainyness though. I also ‘heard’ it when I stirred the chocolate against the sides of the bowl. I monitored the temperatures very well (I stopped at 43 degrees, cooled it down to 27,5 degrees and heated it up again to 31,5). Do you have any idea what I could have done wrong? Thank you so much again!
Hi Christine – do you still happen to have the chocolate? It would help if you could send me a photo. Did the streaks have any color to them or were they just textural? What exactly did you do to cool the chocolate down? Were you stirring it around? And if so, was the chocolate getting on the sides of the bowl? If you were not stirring the chocolate around, did you just let it sit and cool down on its own? The cacao wouldn’t introduce any graininess, so it must have been the sugar. Is the chocolate itself grainy? Can you detect any “sugar texture” in the tempered chocolate? I know it’s a lot of questions, but it will help me determine what exactly happened 🙂
Hi Petra, many thanks for helping me out! I really appreciate it:-). When I let the chocolate cool down I stir constantly. With a fork, spoon or with the thermometer itself. Yes sometimes I also stir it on the sides of the bowl, I think but mostly just in the middle. I will send you the photo by e-mail:-)